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The
war against pre-terrorism
The Tarnac 9 and The
Coming Insurrection
Alberto Toscano
On 11 November 2008, twenty youths were arrested in Paris,
Rouen and the village of Tarnac, in the Massif Central district of Corrèze. The
Tarnac operation involved helicopters, 150 balaclava-clad anti-terrorist policemen,
with studiously prearranged media coverage. The youths were accused of having participated
in a number of sabotage attacks against high-speed TGV train routes, involving the
obstruction of the trains’ power cables with horseshoe-shaped iron bars, causing
a series of delays affecting some 160 trains. The suspects who remain in custody
were soon termed the ‘Tarnac Nine’, after the village where some of them had purchased
a small farmhouse, reorganized the local grocery store as a cooperative, and taken
up a number of civic activities from the running of a film club to the delivery
of food to the elderly.
The case
The minister of the interior, Michèle Alliot-Marie, promptly
intervened to underline the presumption of guilt and to classify the whole affair
under the rubric of terrorism, linking it to the supposed rise of an insurrectionist
‘ultra-Left’, or ‘anarcho-autonomist tendency’. The nine were interrogated and detained
for ninety-six hours. Four were subsequently released. The official accusation was
‘association of wrongdoers in relation to a terrorist undertaking’, a charge that
can carry up to twenty years in jail. On 2 December, three more of the Tarnac Nine
were released under judiciary control, leaving two in jail, at the time of writing
(early January 2009): Julien Coupat and Yldune Lévy.
Giorgio Agamben and Luc Boltanski wrote editorials decrying
the disproportion and hysteria of this repressive operation. A petition was circulated
by Eric Hazan, publisher and friend of Coupat, and signed by Badiou, Bensaïd, Butler,
Rancière, Žižek and several others.1 In Tarnac (a village proud
of its role in the Resistance, and represented by a communist mayor for four decades)
a committee of support was set up, conveying a virtually unanimous show of solidarity
of the villagers with those arrested.
Following the time-honoured
reactionary motif of the wayward child of the bourgeoisie drifting into violent
idealism, the media’s attention has focused on Coupat. Readers of the press were
soon apprised of Coupat’s studies at the elite ESSEC business school; of his DEA
dissertation on Guy Debord at the EHESS, where he worked closely with Boltanski;
of his involvement in the journal and collective Tiqqun; and of his alleged authorship
of the book L’insurrection qui vient (The Coming Insurrection), signed
by the ‘Comité Invisible’.2 In flagrant contradiction to both the tenor
of L’insurrection and what may be surmised about the modus operandi of the
Tarnac commune, he was fingered as the book’s author and depicted as the charismatic
ringleader behind the commune and its subversive acts.
As the media feeding
frenzy progresses, some of the ideological and investigative background has surfaced
in the press. (The intelligence agency which reports directly to the Ministry of
the Interior, the Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur (DCRI), the
‘French FBI’ which replaced the famous Renseignements géneraux (RG) in July 2008,
seems rather prone to leaks, managed or otherwise.) It appears that Coupat had long
been an object of observation by the section of that RG tasked with monitoring the
Left. One of their reports even describes him as a ‘critical metaphysician’ – one
of several ironic indications in this whole affair of the passing acquaintance of
French spooks with the world of theory. Increasingly, he is tagged as a leading
light in an ominous and diffuse political agitation, which eschews the domains of
organization, political representation and regulated conflict for the sake of direct
action and irrecuperable opposition to capitalism.
Unsurprisingly, for a
case steeped in the new language of security and the ‘war on terror’, the Tarnac
affair has a transatlantic component: the FBI contacted their French counterparts
to signal an allegedly illegal crossing from Canada into the USA by Coupat and his
companion Lévy, and the discovery, in a rucksack left at the border, of a picture
of the recruiting office in Times Square, New York, that would later be the object
of a small bomb attack. The broader context of the operation is the theorem, dear
to Alliot-Marie, of the mounting threat of an anti-capitalist, anti-statist and
anti-systemic radicalization of youth in France and across Europe which cannot be
contained in the usual forms of social conflict. The revealing title of a report
on this putative phenomenon by the DCRI is accordingly: ‘From the anti-CPE conflict
to the constitution of a pre-terrorist network: Perspectives on the French and European
ultra-left’.3
The 2006 protests against
the law on job contracts for the young (Contrat de première embauche), following
hard upon the autumn 2005 revolts in the marginalized banlieues, played a
defining role in the rise to prominence and eventual victory of Sarkozy, whose swaggering
performance as minister of the interior during the riots became a kind of trademark.
The Sarkozy presidency began under the sign of a deep anxiety, a reactionary rage
for order whose other side was the obsessive scrutinizing of the future for signs
of social turmoil and radical novelty – in this instance, one might very well agree
with the Comité Invisible that ‘governing has never been anything but pushing back
by a thousand subterfuges the moment when the crowd will hang you’ (83). Given the
political peculiarities of France, this fear of the future (and its masses) took
the form of an exorcising of the past – as in Sarkozy’s campaign ultimatum: ‘In
this election, we’re going to find out if the heritage of May ’68 is going to be
perpetuated or if it will be liquidated once and for ever.’ The compulsive reference
to the rebellious past, which is simultaneously imagined as a future – as in Sarkozy’s
recent statement to his cabinet, in view of the possible spread of the ‘Greek syndrome’,
that ‘We can’t have a May ’68 for Christmas’ – provides the current French administration
with its libidinal content, a much needed supplement to the grim vapidity at the
level of its programme.
The very notion of ‘pre-terrorism’
is deeply symptomatic: it makes patent the link between the obsessive identification
of ‘dangerous individuals’ and the imagination of future revolts that call for repressive
pre-emption. (There are interesting parallels here with the 2007 arrest of the German
sociologist of gentrification Andrej Holm.) As Boltanski and Claverie have noted,
there is an echo here of the film Minority Report and its ‘precogs’. The
context of the world economic crisis and the not-unrelated upsurge of the ‘700 euro
generation’ in Greece serve as a backdrop. Indeed, as an anti-terrorist magistrate
recently confessed: ‘There is a temptation during a time of crisis to consider any
illegal manifestation of political expression to be of a terrorist nature.’4
Reading the extracts from the secret service reports, the left pessimist might be
heartened to see such confidence in the possibility of radical revolt being shown
by the state and its agencies. Alternatively, she might muse that the logic of immunizing
oneself against ‘terrorism’ by nipping pre-terrorism in the bud – with all of its
hackneyed references to Baader-Meinhof or Action Directe (‘they too started out
by writing pamphlets and living in communes…’) – is more likely to accelerate and
intensify a process of so-called radicalization, fashioning the state and the legal
system into enemies with whom one cannot negotiate.
Whatever it may say about
the prospects for radical politics and its attendant suppression, this ‘affair’
illustrates the metastasis of a transnational politics of securitization, which
is now being applied to any form of activity that importunes the established order
– from hacking to separatism, from anti-war demonstrations to environmental activism.
The looseness of anti-terrorism legislation recalls Walter Benjamin’s characterization
of the police in his ‘Critique of Violence’: ‘Its power is formless, like its nowhere-tangible,
all-pervasive, ghostly presence in the life of civilized states.’ (See Irving Wolhfarth
on Benjamin’s ‘Critique of Violence’ and the Red Army Faction, the second part of
his article, in RP 153.) This is a situation enhanced by the development
of what the parents of the accused pointedly refer to as ‘reality police’, as one
might speak of ‘reality-TV’.
Julien Coupat’s father
Gérard turned by his son’s ordeal into an eloquent and intransigent advocate for
civil liberties, recently put the stakes of the police campaign in stark terms:
‘They are turning my son into a scapegoat for a generation who have started to think
for themselves about capitalism and its wrongs and to demonstrate against the government.…
The government is keeping my son in prison because a man of the left with the courage
to demonstrate is the last thing they want now, with the economic situation getting
worse and worse.’5 Like many others, Coupat senior has underscored the
ominous prospect of a form of government so politically illiterate and monolithic
in its reactions that it cannot distinguish sabotage – a practice that has always
accompanied social and workers’ movements – from ‘terrorism’, a term that is indiscriminately,
albeit deliberately, used to cover everything from mass murder to train delays.
The book
What, then, of the book that – considering the meagre pickings
for the police at Tarnac (ladders, train schedules, bolt cutters) – seems to be
the centrepiece in the state’s inquisitional arsenal: L’insurrection qui vient?
The legal obscenity of basing arrests on a text – one that moreover cannot be personally
imputed to any of the accused – is obvious. The right to practise collective anonymity,
against the crude biographism of the press, should also be stressed. It is nevertheless
of interest to consider the Tarnac affair in light of this combative pamphlet –
half inspired dissection of the misery of everyday life in contemporary France,
half breviary for a diffuse anarcho-communist defection from capitalist society.
It appears that L’insurrection was first brought to the attention of the
powers that be by the criminologist Alain Bauer, who, coming across it on the shelves
of the FNAC in 2007, immediately bought up forty copies and circulated them to various
security experts and agencies. A passage from it has been repeatedly referred to
as incriminating evidence against Coupat:
The technical infrastructure of the metropolis is vulnerable:
its flows are not merely for the transportation of people and commodities; information
and energy circulate by way of wire networks, fibres and channels, which it is possible
to attack. To sabotage the social machine with some consequence today means re-conquering
and reinventing the means of interrupting its networks. How could a TGV line or
an electrical network be rendered useless?
A socialist with some sympathies for the emancipatory and
egalitarian potential of railway travel might answer like Nouveau Parti Anticapitaliste
spokesperson Olivier Besancenot, commenting on the sabotage, that ‘we want more
trains, not fewer’, and end the discussion there. But it is worth considering the
diagnosis and prognosis advanced by L’insurrection, if only to understand
the intellectual backdrop to this call to interrupt the flows.
Were one in the business
of the RG and the DCRI, one could argue that a host of themes link L’insurrection
to Tiqqun pamphlets such as Théorie du Bloom and Premiers matériaux pour une
théorie de la jeune fille. A narrative of completed nihilism; a Debordian
excoriation of the spectacle (embodied in the ‘young girl’, the commodity made flesh,
and carried by the schizophrenic entrepreneur); the vitriolic polemics against sundry
Lefts (Trotskyists, Negrians, ecologists…); the view of communism not as a programme
but as an ethical disposition and collective experimentation, an attempt to recover
an emancipatory notion of community; ‘the silent coordination of a sabotage in the
grand style’6 and the very idea of an Invisible Committee (or an Imaginary
Party) – all of these betoken a certain political continuity. Yet the differences
are also significant. First, stylistically, the works of Tiqqun practised a kind
of second-order situationist détournement, keeping Debord while losing much
of the Marx and Lukács that the author of The Society of the Spectacle
had felicitously plundered, and throwing into the mix a generous helping
of Agamben – an author who, albeit not so hard to pastiche, does not lend himself
all that well to Debordian operations. L’insurrection is a more measured
and plain-spoken text, whose politics are rooted more in anti-urbanist libertarian
anarchism than in the metaphysical auguries carried by Agambenian figures such as
the ‘young girl’ or the ‘Bloom’ (after Joyce).
Though the agenda of
L’insurrection is still dictated by a situationist-inspired total critique
of contemporary society, the lengthy analyses of the ills of everyday metropolitan
life in the age of flexitime and the new economy are more in keeping with the recent
concerns of critical French sociology than with prophecies about Homo sacer.
Just as a Bourdieuian perspective marks the sections dealing with France’s singular
relation to the state and the school as structures of subjectivation, so the influence
of Boltanski and Chiapello’s diagnosis of the dissolution of class solidarity as
a foothold for social critique can partly account for the indifference of L’insurrection
to a Marxist discourse of class struggle, and its delinking of anti-capitalism
from class politics.
This is not to say that
a certain catastrophism, or, better, active nihilism, does not pervade this book
too, as it did the bulk of Tiqqun’s production. L’insurrection begins with
the lapidary lines: ‘From every angle, there’s no way out from the present. That’s
not the least of its virtues.’ But as we move through L’insurrection it becomes
clear that, despite the nod to Agamben in the title, his brand of messianic reversibility
– a left interpretation of the Hölderlinian adage that ‘where danger is, grows the
saving power also’ – is overtaken by an anarchist blueprint for the secession from
metropolitan capitalism and the reorganization of everyday life in communes that
will serve as bases for a diffuse and ‘horizontal’ overturning of the reigning system
of misery. This rejoinder to European Nihilism 2.0 is based neither on waiting for
eschatological signs, nor on figures of the reversibility of catastrophe into promise
(the young girl, Bloom), nor indeed on the ultra-modernist idea that accelerating
moral and material decomposition is the key to a transvaluation of the world. We
are also not dealing with a post-workerist exodus immanent to the resources of immaterial
labour or cognitive capitalism. Rather, L’insurrection advocates a comparatively
sober practice of defection and sabotage, which aims to turn the machines of subjection
against themselves.
Much of L’insurrection’s
tableau of modern European (more specifically French, and even more specifically
bourgeois Parisian) misery is compelling, especially when it heeds the situationist
injunction that to ‘understand what sociology never understands, one need only envisage
in terms of aggressivity what for sociology is neutral’.7 Like the Debord
of In girum, it can even strike notes of dark comedy: ‘Europe is a penniless
continent which secretly shops at Lidl and flies low cost so it can keep on travelling.’
At its core lies something like a social-psychological portrait of the micro-managed
and multitasking subject of contemporary work, the function of which is regarded
as fundamentally political: that of ‘biopolitically’ governing the entirety of social
life and perpetuating a regime of exploitation that is increasingly superfluous.
Though the insight is hardly novel, the Comité Invisible does succeed in pungently
capturing the horror and imbecility of the current proliferation of disciplinary
devices such as ‘personal development’, ‘human resources’, ‘social capital’ and
other managerial monstrosities. L’insurrection encapsulates this under the
aegis of what it calls the ‘ethics of mobilization’, the colonization, through work,
of the very domain of possibility:
Mobilization is this slight detachment with regard to oneself
… on the basis of which the Self [le Moi] can be taken as an object of work,
on the basis of which it becomes possible to sell oneself, and not one’s
labour-power, to be paid not for what one has done but for what one is. … This is
the new norm of socialization.
But what lies beyond this salutary vituperation of the modern
ideology of work – an ideology that is all the stronger to the extent that it replaces
the heroisms and anxieties of the Sartrean project with the soft schizophrenia of
a thousand ‘projects’?
It is here that what
one may maliciously term the Epicurean tendency in situationism (present, for instance,
in Debord’s laments for the disappearance of good wine in Panegyric) gets
the better of L’insurrection. ‘Mobilization’ is linked not only to the capitalist
uses of a parallel-processed self, but to a discourse about the metropolis as a
space of deadening indifference and mortifying abstraction, and to the idea that
the modern city and its masters have perpetrated a kind of assassination of experience:
‘We have been expropriated from our language by teaching, from our songs by variety
shows, from our flesh by pornography, from our city by the police, from our friends
by the wage system.’ Despite the aptness of L’insurrection’s denigration
of cities turned into posthumous museums and the excoriation of the uses of mobility
and isolation for purposes of control – not to mention its call for the marginalization
and ruination of Paris, that ‘frightening concretion of power’ – the hankering for
revolutionary authenticity is unpersuasive, and ultimately myopic. Just as the short
shrift given to the notion of labour-power leads to a Manichaean opposition between
a malevolent economy and emancipated ‘forms of life’, so there is not much attention
paid to the transformative uses of abstraction and alienation. There is more of
a hint of Jane Jacobs in the scorn against ‘indifferent’ modern housing and the
idea that ‘the multiplication of means of displacement and communication continuously
wrenches us away from the here and now, by the temptation of being
everywhere’. What’s more, the notion that the interruption of mobilization will
give rise to practical solidarity, as the ‘facade’ of the ‘hyper-vulnerable’ city
of flows crumbles, is too romantic to bear scrutiny. Blackouts and blockages can
intimate communism but also be the occasion for even more insidious forms of violence
and hierarchy (Michael Haneke’s film Time of the Wolf is an evocative study
in this regard). Likewise, despite the welcome corrective to the idea of the banlieue
uprisings of 2005 as an instance of criminal mob rule, it is doubtful that actions
with ‘no leader, no claim, no organization, but words, gestures, conspiracies’ may
be taken as a model for organized emancipatory politics.
Though one wishes that
the anti-urbanism of the Comité Invisible were more dialectical, some of their reflections
on the ‘commune’ are worthy of consideration. Not only is renewed debate on the
collective experimentation of everyday life to be welcomed, especially by contrast
with nebulous figures of messianic transfiguration; L’insurrection also raises
some important questions for a radical left which conceives of capitalism as an
unacceptably destructive system and views crisis-management as an unappetizing and
doomed vocation. Rather than an ephemeral image of a glorious tomorrow or a utopian
enclave, the commune is envisaged simultaneously as a collective experimentation
of politics and as an instrument for a political action which is not merely instrumental
but existential, or ethical. Among other things, the emphasis put on the density
of real relations – as against the issues of identity and representation that allegedly
bedevil parties, groups, collectives and milieus – gives a concrete political meaning
to friendship, over against the obsession, whether prudish or prurient, with the
commune as the site of sexual exchange. Another classic motif, that of self-reliance,
is given a contemporary twist: the commune is presented as a way of gaining and
practising the kind of know-how (medical, agricultural, technical) to allow one
to depend no longer on the metropolis and its forms of ‘security’ – in other words,
to ready oneself for real crisis, as communistic survivalism prepares for
capitalist apocalypse.
One cannot gainsay the
force and interest of concrete utopias, however minimal or marginal, nor deny the
all too familiar truth – once again laid bare by this case – that the modern capitalist
nation-state does not suffer alternatives gladly. The young activists and intellectuals
at Tarnac, in this regard echoing if not necessarily following L’insurrection qui
vient, have certainly shown that even very simple experiments with egalitarianism
and emancipation can sow real political relations and solidarities. But, especially
at a moment when the political question of the public is so crucial – whether
we are speaking of universities, hospitals, banks, or indeed trains – the opposition
between the commune and the metropolis is a false one, as is, to borrow another
dichotomy from L’insurrection, the one between hegemony and horizontality.
To appropriate authenticity is not enough. Any truly transformative politics must
surely appropriate distraction, mobility and, indeed, alienation and indifference
too. Trains, like sewerage systems, dams, airports and hospitals, are not to be
repudiated, interrupted or merely abandoned to the whims of the capitalist state.
Perhaps one day, rather than shuttling us from Human Resources conferences to Personal
Development seminars, they may be put to more creative and revolutionary uses, like
the Russian Kino trains of the 1920s.
Notes
1. Giorgio Agamben, ‘Térrorisme ou tragicomédie?’,
Libération, 18 November 2008, www.liberation.fr/societe/0101267186–terrorisme-ou-tragi-comedie;
Elisabeth Claverie and Luc Boltanski, ‘Christ ou caténaire? Du sacrilège religieux’,
Mediapart, 13 December 2008, www.mediapart.fr/club/edition/les-invites-de-mediapart/article/131208/christ-ou-catenaire-du-sacrilege-religieux-au-s;
‘Non à l’ordre nouveau’, Le Monde, 27 November 2008; English version at http://tarnac9.wordpress.com/2008/11/24/free-the-tarnac9/.
2. Comité Invisible, L’insurrection qui vient,
La Fabrique, Paris, 2007; also available at www.lafabrique.fr/IMG/pdf_Insurrection.pdf;
English version at http://tarnac9.wordpress.com/texts/ the-coming-insurrection/.
3. Isabelle Mandraud, ‘L’obsession de l’ultragauche’,
Le Monde, 3 December 2008, www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2008/12/03/l-obsession-de-l-ultragauche_1126282_3224.html.
4. Quoted in Celestine Bohlen, ‘Use of French
Terrorism Law on Railroad Saboteurs Draws Criticism’, Bloomberg News, 4 December
2008.
5. Quoted in Jason Burke, ‘France braced
for “rebirth of violent left”’, Observer, 4 January 2009.
6. Tiqqun, Théorie du bloom, La Fabrique,
Paris, 2000, p. 134.
7. ‘Critique de l’urbanisme’, Internationale
Situationniste 6, 1961; English version at www.cddc.vt.edu/sionline/si/critique.html.
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